Erwinia Herbicola’nın Endüstriyel Biyoteknolojideki Önem
Özet
Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacteriaceae familyasına ait, bitkilerin hava ile temas eden yüzeylerinde yaşayan ve patojen olmayan Gram-negatif bir bakteri türüdür. Günümüzde metabolomik ve omiks teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler sayesinde bakterinin metabolik ağları ve akış şemaları detaylı biçimde ortaya konulmaktadır. E. herbicola, kendine özgü metabolik yolları sayesinde endüstriyel biyoteknoloji, tıp ve tarım alanlarında büyük öneme sahip çeşitli sekonder metabolitleri sentezleyen nadir organizmalardan biridir. Bakterinin ürettiği başlıca metabolitler arasında bitki gelişimini destekleyen ve bir sinyal molekülü olarak çalışan indol-3-asetik asit (IAA), güçlü antioksidan ve antikarsinojenik nitelikleriyle öne çıkan β-karoten ile likopen gibi karotenoidler ve L-askorbik asit (C vitamini) bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, bünyesindeki diketoglukonik asit yolağı vasıtasıyla C vitamini sentezinde kullanılan kritik öncül bileşikleri oluşturabilmektedir. E. herbicola; bitkileri patojenlere karşı koruyan herbikolin, pantosin, fenazin ve geniş spektrumlu bir β-laktam antibiyotiği olan karbapenem gibi değerli bileşikleri de sentezleme yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu sekonder metabolitlerin ve antibiyotiklerin üretimi, ortamdaki bakteri yoğunluğu ve Quorum Sensing (çevreyi algılama) mekanizmaları tarafından hassas bir şekilde düzenlenmektedir. Hızlı çoğalabilmesi, genetik çalışmalara elverişliliği ve zengin ürün potansiyeli ile E. herbicola, metabolik mühendislik ve endüstriyel biyoteknoloji alanında stratejik bir model organizmadır.
Erwinia herbicola is a non-pathogenic, Gram-negative bacterial species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, residing on plant surfaces exposed to air. Today, thanks to advancements in metabolomics and omics technologies, the metabolic networks and flux distributions of the bacterium are revealed in detail. E. herbicola is one of the rare organisms that synthesizes various secondary metabolites of great importance in industrial biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture through its unique metabolic pathways. The primary metabolites produced by the bacterium include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes plant growth and functions as a signaling molecule; carotenoids such as β-carotene and lycopene, which stand out for their strong antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties; and L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Furthermore, via its diketogluconic acid pathway, it can form critical precursor compounds used in vitamin C synthesis. E. herbicola also possesses the ability to synthesize valuable compounds that protect plants against pathogens, such as herbicolins, pantocins, phenazines, and carbapenem, a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic. The production of these secondary metabolites and antibiotics is tightly regulated by bacterial cell density and Quorum Sensing mechanisms. With its rapid growth capability, suitability for genetic manipulation, and rich product potential, E. herbicola serves as a strategic model organism in metabolic engineering and industrial biotechnology.
Referanslar
Whitman WB, Coleman DC, and Wiebe WJ. Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1998;95:12 p. 6578-6583.
Kell DB, et al., Metabolic footprinting and systems biology: The medium is the message. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2005;3:7 p. 557-565.
Ruiz B, et al., Production of microbial secondary metabolites: regulation by the carbon source. Crit Rev Microbiol, 36:2 (2010) p. 146-67.
Z.H. Zhang, et al., Effects of oxygen limitation on xylose fermentation, intracellular metabolites, and key enzymes of Neurospora crassa AS31602, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2008;145:1-3 p. 39-51.
Dikshit KL, and Webster DA. Cloning, characterization and expression of the bacterial globin gene from vitreoscilla in Escherichia coli, Gene, 1988;70(2): p. 377-386.
Dikshit KL, et al., Oxygen ınhibition of globin gene-transcription and bacterial hemoglobin-synthesis in Vitreoscilla, Journal of General Microbiology, 1989;135 p. 2601-2609.
Chen HX, et al., Intracellular expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin improves S-adenosylmethionine production in a recombinant Pichia pastoris. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007;74:6 p. 1205-1212.
Vanneste JL, Yu J and Beer SV. Role of antibiotic production by Erwinia herbicola Eh252 in biological control of Erwinia amylovora. Journal of Bacteriology, 1992;174:9 p. 2785-2796.
Liu ST, et al., Cloning of an Erwinia herbicola gene necessary for gluconic acid production and enhanced mineral phosphate solubilization in Escherichia-Coli Hb101- nucleotide-sequence and probable ınvolvement in biosynthesis of the coenzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone, Journal of Bacteriology, 1992;174:18 p. 5814-5819.
Ishimaru CA, Klos EJ, and Brubaker RR. Multiple antibiotic production by Erwinia herbicola, Phytopathology, 1988;78:6 p. 746-750.
Brandl MT, and Lindow SE. Cloning and characterization of a locus encoding an indolepyruvate decarboxylase involved in indole-3-acetic acid synthesis in Erwinia herbicola, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1996;62:11 p. 4121-4128.
Stijn S, Jos V and Roseline R. Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2000 p. 1-24.
Manulis M, et al., Differential involvement of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathways in pathogenicity and epiphytic fitness of Erwinia herbicola pv, gypsophilae, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1998;11:7 p. 634-642.
Gürel F and Şerbetçi T. Productıon of n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-l-homoserıne lactones (ohhl) responsıble for “quorum-sensıng” In Pseudomonas syrıngae Pv. Savastanoı, Turkish Microbiological Society, 2009;39:3-4: p. 58-61.
Chalupowicz L, et al., Regulatory Interactions Between Quorum-Sensing, Auxin, Cytokinin, and the Hrp Regulon in Relation to Gall Formation and Epiphytic Fitness of Pantoea agglomerans pv. Gypsophilae. The American Phytopathological Society. 2009; 22:7: p. 849–856.
Kosque T, Heskett MG, and Wilson EE. Microbial synthesis and degradation of Indole-3-acetic acid "The conversıon of l-tryptophan to ındole-3-acetamıde by an enzyme system from Pseudomonas Savastanoı, The Journal of Biologıcal Chemistry, 1966;241:16 p. 3738-3744.
Pollmann S, et al., Occurrence and formation of indole-3-acetamide in Arabidopsis thaliana, Planta Med, 2002;216: p. 155–161.
Yang S, et al., Global effect of ındole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis on multiple virulence factors of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007;73:4 p. 1079-1088.
Georg S, Norihiko M, and Gerhard S. Expression, purification and properties ofErwinia uredovora, Biochem. J., 1996;315: p. 869-874
Gantotti BV and Beer SV, Plasmid-borne determinants of pigmentation and thiamine prototrophy in Erwinia herbicola, Journal of Bacteriology, 1982;151:3 p. 1627-1629.
Iwata-Reuyl D, et al., Bacterial phytoene synthase: Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of Erwinia herbicola phytoene synthase. Biochemistry, 42(11) (2003) p. 3359-3365.
Johnson J, Do carotenoids serve as transmembrane radical channels? Free Radic Biol & Med Free Radic Biol & Med 2009;47: p. 321-23.
M. Kahyaoğlu and M. Kıvanç, Endüstriyel Atık Maddelerden Mikrobiyal Yolla Beta Karoten Üretimi, J. Agric. Sci., 2007;17(2): p. 61-66.
Nrihoko O, et al., Elucidation of pathway the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthetic by functional analysis of gene products expressed in Escherichia coli, Journal of Bacteriology, 1990;172:12 p. 6704-6712.
Lee PC and Schmidt-Dannert C. Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2002;60: p. 1-11.
Bremus C, et al., The use of microorganisms in l-ascorbic acid production Journal of Biotechnology, 2006;124: p. 196–205.
Berstenhorsta SM, Hohmannb HP, and Stahmannc KP. Vitamins and vitamin-like compounds: microbial production, Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 2009: p. 549-561.
Berry A, et al., Vitamine C production in microorganisms and plants, Patent Application Publication, 2002.
Greiner M and Winkelmann G. Fermentation and isolation of herbicolin A, a peptide antibiotic produced by Erwinia herbicola strain A 111, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1991;34: p. 565-569.
Parker WL, et al., A simple carbapenem produced by species of Serratia and Erwinia, J. Antibiotics, 1982; 35: p. 653-660.
Sutton AE and Clardy J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of the Antibiotic Pantocin B, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001;123: p. 9935-9946.
Leland SPI and Elizabeth AP. Metabolism and function of phenazines in bacteria: impacts on the behavior of bacteria in the environment and biotechnological processes, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86: p.1659-1670.
Whistler CA, and Pierson LS. Repression of Phenazine Antibiotic Production in Pseudomonas aureofaciens Strain 30-84 by RpeA, Journal of Bacteriology, 2003;185:13: p. 3718–3725.
Zhongge Z, and Pierson SL. A Second quorum-sensing system regulates cell surface properties but not phenazine antibiotic production in Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 67:9 (2001) p. 4305-4315.
Sykes RB, et al., Monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by bacteria. Nature, 1981; 291:5815 p. 489-491.
Aharonowitz Y and Cohen G. Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis genes: structure, organization, regulation, and evolution, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 1992; 46: p. 461-495.
Matsumoto T, Kumazawa J and Nagayama A. Sensitivities to four carbapenems of bacteria isolated from patients with refractory complicated urinary tract infections and the detection of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1996;38(2):p. 322-324.
Jean SS, et al., In vitro activities of doripenem and other carbapenems against clinically important bacteria isolated in intensive care units: nationwide data from the SMART Programme, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2010;29:4:p. 471-475.
Williamson JM, et al., Biosynthesis of the beta-lactam antibiotic, thienamycin, by streptomyces-cattleya, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1985;260:8 p. 4637-4647.
Kahan FM, et al., Thienamycin- development of ımipenem cilastatin, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1983; 12: p. 1-35.
Moellering RC, Eliopoulos GM, and Sentochnik DE. The carbapenems: new broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 1989;24: p. 1-7.
McGowan SJ, et al., Molecular genetics of carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 1999; 75:1-2: p. 135-141.
McGowan S, et al., Carbapenem antibiotic production in €rwinia carotovora is regulated by CarR, a homologue of the LuxR transcriptional activator. Micfobiology, 1995;141: p. 541-550.
