Özel Eğitimde Okuma Yazma Becerilerinin Kazanımında Sanatsal Uygulamalar
Özet
Bu çalışma, ilkokul döneminde özel gereksinimli çocukların okuma yazma becerilerini kazanmalarında sanatsal uygulamaların ve oyun temelli öğretimin önemini ve sunduğu katkıları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Okuma ve yazma becerileri akademik başarının ve günlük yaşama katılımın temel yapı taşlarını oluştururken, özel gereksinimli öğrencilerin bireysel özelliklerine, ilgilerine ve hazırbulunuşluk düzeylerine uygun Bireyselleştirilmiş Eğitim Programları (BEP) hazırlanarak öğretimin uyarlanması gerekmektedir. Görsel sanatlar, müzik, dans, drama ve oyun gibi sanatsal etkinliklerin okuma yazma öğretimine entegre edilmesi; öğrencilerin yazı farkındalığını, sözcük dağarcığını, dikkat sürelerini, sosyal-duygusal gelişimlerini ve derse aktif katılımlarını olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Görsel okuryazarlık üstbilişsel ve eleştirel düşünmeyi desteklerken, müzik etkinlikleri harf-ses ilişkisini kurmaya, ritim ve dinleme aracılığıyla dil becerilerini geliştirmeye katkı sağlamaktadır. Dans ve beden hareketleri çok duyulu işlemlemeyi ve mekânsal farkındalığı güçlendirirken, oyun temelli ve rehberli oyun yaklaşımları sembolik davranışlar ve doğal etkileşimler aracılığıyla okuma yazma öğretim sürecini kolaylaştırmakta ve öğrencilerin kaygı düzeylerini azaltmaktadır. Bu süreçte öğretmenlerin gözlemci, işbirlikçi, planlamacı, yanıtlayıcı, model ve aracı rolleriyle rehberlik etmesi, disiplinler arası çalışmalarla sanatsal uygulamaların sürekliliğinin desteklenmesi kritik bir öneme sahiptir.
This study comprehensively addresses the importance and contributions of artistic applications and play-based instruction in the acquisition of literacy skills among children with special needs during primary education. While reading and writing skills form the building blocks of academic success and participation in daily life, instruction must be adapted by preparing Individualized Education Programs (IEP) tailored to the individual characteristics, interests, and readiness levels of students with special needs. Integrating artistic activities such as visual arts, music, dance, drama, and play into literacy instruction positively influences students' print awareness, vocabulary, attention span, socio-emotional development, and active class participation. While visual literacy supports metacognitive and critical thinking, music activities contribute to establishing letter-sound relationships and developing language skills through rhythm and listening. Dance and physical movement enhance multi-sensory processing and spatial awareness, whereas play-based and guided play approaches facilitate the literacy learning process and reduce student anxiety through symbolic behaviors and natural interactions. In this process, teacher guidance through roles as observer, collaborator, planner, responder, model, and mediator, along with supporting the continuity of artistic applications through interdisciplinary efforts, holds critical importance.
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